A quote is the written form of the words which people have spoken. Occasionally it will also apply to words they have written down, perhaps in a book or a press release. In print journalism, quotes are shown surrounded by quotation marks, either single (‘) or double ("). These are sometimes called inverted commas mostly a British English thing, but since we come across material not published in the US, you should be familiar with that term. The alternative to using a quote is to rewrite the sentence into what we call reported speech. Reported speech uses attribution (someone said something) and summary (this is the sort of thing the person said) as opposed to direct quotes and, therefore, do not need quotation marks.
Quotes should not be used on radio, which should broadcast the words in the spoken form, sometimes called audio. Television journalists can use quotes shown as text on the screen. Mostly we'll see quotes used in WRITTEN sources or reports such as newspapers or magazines.
There are three main reasons why you should use quotes in print journalism:
- If you repeat the exact words that people used in an interview you will reduce the risk of misreporting what they say.
- When we give a person's exact words our readers can see both the ideas and the way they were presented. This is generally appreciated and trusted more than a summary or reported speech--since the journalist can lie (remember Stephen Glass?)
- People often use lively language when they speak. Quotes allow you to put that lively language directly into your story. Direct quotation is more "human".
One of the golden rules of journalism is: Let people speak for themselves. Use quotes.
In print we hear people's voices through quotes, in broadcasting the voices are heard in the form of audio or actuality.
Avoid starting a news story or feature or academic essay with a quote. WHY?
The most important reason for not starting a story with a quote is that a quote itself seldom shows the news value of your story. It is your task as a journalist to tell the reader what is news. You should tell them what is new, unusual, interesting or significant about the information you present. Only when you have told them what is news should you use a quote to support your intro.
A standard intro in reported speech is the most effective method of expressing an idea. (That’s the lead). Few people speak well enough to say in one sentence what a good journalist can compress into a well-written intro.
Starting a news story with a quote produces awkward punctuation. By putting words inside quotation marks, you give readers an extra obstacle to overcome just at the time when you are trying to grab their attention.
Beginning with a quote also means that your readers see the quote before they know who has said it. How can they judge the importance of the quote without knowing who the speaker is? This goes doubly for fiction and short stories!
A quote can often be most effective following straight after a hard news intro. See how effective a short quote becomes when it follows a short, sharp intro:
The Minister for Finance, Mr Joe Wau, yesterday attacked laziness in the public service.
"Government employees must get off their backsides and work," he told a lunchtime meeting of senior department heads.
Quotes in the rest of the story
If you are going to quote a speech or a personal interview, never leave the first quote later than the third or fourth paragraph of the story. If you cannot find a quote strong enough to go that high, you should question the value of covering the speech or doing the interview in the first place.
One of the problems faced by many journalists is that their shorthand - or their memory - is not good enough to get a full and accurate note of what a person says. So they take the easy way out and write everything in reported speech. It is your task to make sure that you get an accurate note of what is said, even to the extent of asking the speaker to repeat it. Modern journalists can, of course, use tape recorders to make an exact record of what a person says. However, you must still take care in transcribing your quotes into your story.
There is, of course, no excuse for making up a quote. That is one of the greatest sins a journalist can commit. It destroys your integrity and risks landing both you and your employer in an expensive action for defamation. Don't do it.
How often should you use quotes?
Although quotes bring a story alive, it is still possible to kill a good story by carelessness, particularly over-repetition. It is like smothering a meal with sauce, drowning the taste of what you're supposed to enjoy eating. Each quote must earn its place in the story. Do not put in strings of quotes simply because you have them in your notebook or you wanted to "pad" your article to make it longer. Well written is better than long winded. Like these notes.
Most newspapers adopt a standard style when punctuating.
When the attribution (the tag) is at the beginning of the quotation, the order is:
TAG, COLON, QUOTES, CAPS.
Look at the following sentence:
He said: "It is not something I expected."
See how the punctuation follows our rule:
He said (tag) :(colon) "(quotes) It (caps) is not something...."
When the tag is at the end of the quotation, the order is:
COMMA, QUOTES, TAG, POINT (Period)
as in the following sentence:
"It is not something I expected," he said.
Again, we can see the pattern in the sentence:
... expected, (comma) "(quotes) he said (tag).(point or period)
Notice that periods / full stops, commas, question marks and exclamation marks always go inside the quotes. When you have a quote within a quote, use a single inverted comma for the inside quotation. If both end in the same place, put the comma, full stop or similar punctuation mark within the single inverted comma:
Sgt Ovea said: "I told him, `You are your own worst enemy.'"
You should always start a new paragraph for a direct quote. If you have started a quote and continue to quote in the next paragraph, you do not need to close the quotes before going on to the next par, though you should start the new paragraph with inverted commas. See how we leave out the quotation mark after the first paragraph but include it at the beginning of the second:
Mr Raukele said: "It is not something I ever expected to happen in this country in my lifetime. "I have to admit that it came as a complete surprise."
Whenever you introduce a new speaker, put the tag before the quote, giving the speaker's title as well. This is particularly important when you are changing from one speaker to another. If you quote a new speaker and fail to put his tag at the beginning, the reader will assume that the first speaker is still being quoted:
RIGHT: Businessman Mr Tom Avua said that trade was lower than last year. His partner, Mr Michael Mu, added: "I may have to sell my home to pay off the outstanding debts to the bank."
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WRONG: Businessman Mr Tom Avua said that trade was lower than last year. "I may have to sell my home to pay off the outstanding debts to the bank," said his partner, Mr Michael Mu.
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Notice from the example above that it is possible to change the usual "somebody said" order of the tag to "said somebody" order. This becomes necessary when the tag has a long identifier, so that you do not separate the verb "said" too far from the actual quotation:
RIGHT: "It is a load of rubbish," said Mr Peter Kuman, vice-president of the Retail Traders Association and its regional representative on the PNG Chamber of Commerce.
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WRONG: "It is a load of rubbish," Mr Peter Kuman, vice-president of the Retail Traders Association and its regional representative on the PNG Chamber of Commerce, said.
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